how to fix dandruff

The most effective way to fix dandruff is by using an over-the-counter (OTC) medicated anti-dandruff shampoo consistently. Dandruff is typically caused by an overgrowth of a natural scalp yeast (Malassezia), excess oil, or dry skin, so treatment focuses on controlling yeast and gently exfoliating flakes.

1. Choose the Right Medicated Shampoo

Different active ingredients target dandruff in different ways. Look for one of the following on the label:

Ketoconazole (e.g., Nizoral). A broad-spectrum antifungal that kills the yeast causing dandruff.

Head & Shoulders

Pyrithione Zinc (e.g., Head & Shoulders). An antibacterial and antifungal ingredient that slows yeast growth.

Selsun Blue

$9.32

Vitacost.com& more

4.6 ★ (790)

Selenium Sulfide (e.g., Selsun Blue). Slows down skin cell turnover and reduces yeast.

Neutrogena T/Sal

$9.99

Hy-Vee& more

4.5 ★ (2.5K)

Salicylic Acid (e.g., Neutrogena T/Sal). Works as a gentle exfoliant to scrub away built-up scales and flakes.

Neutrogena T/Gel

$11.99

Walt Churchill’s Market& more

4.6 ★ (2.1K)

Coal Tar (e.g., Neutrogena T/Gel). Slows how quickly skin cells die and flake off. (Note: This can make your scalp more sensitive to sunlight.)

1. Use the Proper Washing Technique

How you wash your hair matters just as much as the shampoo you buy, according to the American Academy of Dermatology.

• Let it sit. Massage the medicated shampoo directly into your scalp and leave it on for 5 to 10 minutes before rinsing so the active ingredients have time to work.
• Match frequency to your hair type. If you have fine, straight, or oily hair, use the medicated shampoo 2 to 3 times a week and wash with a gentle regular shampoo on other days. If you have coarse, curly, or coily hair, apply the medicated shampoo only to your scalp about once a week, followed by your normal moisturizing conditioner.
• Rotate ingredients if needed. If a shampoo stops working after a few weeks, alternate between two shampoos with different active ingredients.

1. Adjust Your Daily Scalp Habits

Simple changes to your routine can prevent flakes from coming back.

• Use lukewarm water. Hot showers strip natural oils and irritate the scalp, worsening flaking.
• Avoid heavy scalp oils. Applying heavy oils (like olive or coconut oil) directly to a dandruff-prone scalp can actually feed the yeast that causes flaking.
• Cut back on styling products. Hairsprays, gels, and pomades can build up on your scalp and make it oilier.
• Manage stress. High stress levels can weaken your immune response and trigger dandruff flare-ups.

When to See a Doctor

You should consult a board-certified dermatologist or doctor if your dandruff does not improve after 4 weeks of consistent medicated shampoo use. Seek medical care sooner if your scalp becomes red, swollen, or painful, or if you notice flaky patches spreading to your face, eyebrows, or chest, as this may be seborrheic dermatitis or scalp psoriasis.